TL;DR: Gray code is a binary numeral system where successive values differ by exactly one bit. Rotary encoders, FIFO pointers, and Karnaugh maps use it because single-bit transitions eliminate the...
TL;DR: A Hamming(7,4) code adds three parity bits to four data bits so that any single-bit flip — whether in a data bit or in a parity bit itself —...
TL;DR: A microprocessor repeats one loop forever: fetch the next instruction from memory using the program counter, decode it into control signals, then execute it on the ALU and registers....
TL;DR: An Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) is a combinational circuit inside a CPU that performs arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction) and bitwise logic operations (AND, OR, XOR, NOT, shifts) on two...
TL;DR: IEEE 754 represents real numbers as , with a sign bit, a biased exponent, and a mantissa whose leading 1 is implicit. The format reserves specific exponent values for...
TL;DR: The instruction register (IR) holds the binary instruction word fetched from memory. The decode stage splits that word into fields — opcode, register addresses, immediate — and feeds each...
TL;DR: A Mealy machine's outputs depend on both the current state and the current inputs; a Moore machine's outputs depend only on the current state. Mealy machines tend to use...
TL;DR: A parity bit is one extra bit appended to a binary word so that the total number of 1s is even (even parity) or odd (odd parity). A chain...
TL;DR: A priority encoder is a combinational circuit that takes N input lines and outputs a -bit binary code identifying the highest-priority active input. Unlike a plain encoder (which assumes...
TL;DR: The program counter (PC) is the register that holds the memory address of the next instruction a CPU will fetch. It increments automatically after every fetch, but branch and...
TL;DR: RAM is volatile read-write memory used as the CPU's working scratchpad; ROM is non-volatile read-mostly memory used to hold firmware and constants. Both are arrays of single-bit cells selected...
TL;DR: SimCast lessons are step-by-step animated circuit tutorials inside DigiSim. Each step adds components, draws wires, and updates values while a narrator explains in your chosen language. You pause anywhere,...
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